Although artists like Edvard Munch and James Ensor drew influences principally from the work of the Post-Impressionists they were instrumental to the advent of abstraction in the 20th century. The Expressionists drastically changed the emphasis on subject matter in favor of the portrayal of psychological states of being. Expressionists produced emotionally charged paintings that were reactions to and perceptions of contemporary experience and reactions to Impressionism and other more conservative directions of late 19th-century painting. Even earlier than that, with her 'spirit' drawings, Georgiana Houghton's choice to work with abstract shapes correlate with the unnatural nature of her subject, in a time when abstraction” isn't yet a concept (she organized an exhibit in 1871).Įxpressionist painters explored the bold use of paint surface, drawing distortions and exaggerations, and intense color. Turner, Camille Corot and from them to the Impressionists who continued the plein air painting of the Barbizon school.Įarly intimations of a new art had been made by James McNeill Whistler who, in his painting Nocturne in Black and Gold: The falling Rocket, (1872), placed greater emphasis on visual sensation than the depiction of objects. An objective interest in what is seen can be discerned from the paintings of John Constable, J. Artistic independence for artists was advanced during the 19th century. Three art movements which contributed to the development of abstract art were Romanticism, Impressionism and Expressionism. Patronage from the church diminished and private patronage from the public became more capable of providing a livelihood for artists. Main articles: Romanticism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Expressionism, and Spiritualist art James McNeill Whistler, Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket (1874), Detroit Institute of Arts Among the very numerous art movements that embody partial abstraction would be for instance fauvism in which color is conspicuously and deliberately altered vis-a-vis reality, and cubism, which alters the forms of the real-life entities depicted. But figurative and representational (or realistic) art often contain partial abstraction.īoth geometric abstraction and lyrical abstraction are often totally abstract. Figurative art and total abstraction are almost mutually exclusive. In geometric abstraction, for instance, one is unlikely to find references to naturalistic entities. Total abstraction bears no trace of any reference to anything recognizable. altering color or form in ways that are conspicuous, can be said to be partially abstract. Even art that aims for verisimilitude of the highest degree can be said to be abstract, at least theoretically, since perfect representation is impossible. This departure from accurate representation can be slight, partial, or complete. They have similar, but perhaps not identical, meanings.Ībstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art. Ībstract art, non-figurative art, non-objective art, and non-representational art are all closely related terms. The sources from which individual artists drew their theoretical arguments were diverse, and reflected the social and intellectual preoccupations in all areas of Western culture at that time. By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new kind of art which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy. Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality. Art with a degree of independence from visual references in the world Robert Delaunay, 1912–13, Le Premier Disque, 134 cm (52.7 in.), private collectionĪbstract art uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.
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